SUPERVISOR, PRINCIPAL, AND TEACHER PERFORMANCE IN DEVELOPING STUDENT CHARACTER
EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIAN MADRASAHS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30868/ei.v14i01.10891Keywords:
supervisor performance, madrasah leadership, teacher performance, student character, collaborative supervisionAbstract
Madrasah Aliyah quality depends on the interaction of supervision, school leadership, teacher professionalism, and character-oriented learning. In Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, however, the number of supervisors is disproportionate to the number of supervised madrasahs and supervisors also carry additional duties. This condition restricts supervision intensity and raises a central problem: formal supervision is implemented, yet its direct contribution to teacher development and student character remains limited.
This qualitative descriptive study examined four Madrasah Aliyah during the 2023/2024 academic year. Data were collected through observation, interviews with supervisors, principals, and teachers, and document analysis, then processed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing with triangulation for trustworthiness. The findings show that supervisors conduct class visits, observations, consultation, and reporting, but their influence is largely indirect. Principals exercise stronger day-to-day control, while teacher quality and school leadership more directly shape learning and student discipline, achievement, responsibility, respect, and religious character. The study concludes that supervision becomes more meaningful when supervisors, principals, and teachers operate as a coordinated professional partnership. Madrasahs should strengthen supervisor recruitment, continuous supervision, research competence, follow-up coaching, transparent role division, and collaborative communication to improve teacher performance and sustain student character development across diverse madrasah learning contexts.
References
Adi, Depict Pristine, Mashudi Mashudi, Nahdiah Nur Fauziah, and Sona Minasyan. 2024. “The Implementation of Environment-Based Madrasah Culture in Islamic Religious Education Learning to Develop Students’ Character.” Jurnal Tarbiyatuna 15 (1): 85–94. https://doi.org/10.31603/tarbiyatuna.v15i1.10999.
Alimron, Alimron, Syarnubi Syarnubi, and Maryamah Maryamah. 2023. “Character Education Model in Islamic Higher Education.” AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan 15 (3): 3334–3345. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i3.1452.
Apriyanto, S., Anum, A. ., Hasan, M., Fitriya, F., & Yasir, A. (2026). Integrating Deep Learning Pedagogy into Sustainable Education Management to Support Agro-Edutourism Development in South Lampung. Journal Corner of Education, Linguistics, and Literature, 5(4), 497–511. https://doi.org/10.54012/jcell.v5i4.752
Apriyanto, S., Erlina, I. A. H., & Herniawati, A. (2025). Integrating Indonesian Language and Literature in the Merdeka Curriculum to Enhance Literacy and Cultural Appreciation in Secondary Schools. Journal Corner of Education, Linguistics, and Literature, 5(001), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.54012/jcell.v5i001.553
Badrun, Badrun, Fitrah Sugiarto, Arnis Rachmadhani, and Hendra Sh. 2022. “Principal’s Leadership Strategy in Strengthening Character Education.” Edukasi Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 11 (1): 967–974. https://doi.org/10.30868/ei.v11i01.2290.
Badrun, Badrun, Lukman Hakim, and Muhammad Tohri. 2023. “Peran Kepemimpinan Kepala Madrasah dalam Mengembangkan Pendidikan Karakter di MTs Negeri 2 Lombok Timur.” PALAPA 11 (1): 602–629. https://doi.org/10.36088/palapa.v11i1.3317.
Berkovich, Izhak, and Tahani Hassan. 2024. “Principals’ Digital Instructional Leadership during the Pandemic: Impact on Teachers’ Intrinsic Motivation and Students’ Learning.” Educational Management Administration & Leadership 52 (4): 934–954. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432221113411.
de Jong, W. A., R. A. M. de Kleijn, D. Lockhorst, J. Brouwer, M. Noordegraaf, and J. W. F. van Tartwijk. 2023. “Collaborative Spirit: Understanding Distributed Leadership Practices in and around Teacher Teams.” Teaching and Teacher Education 123: 103977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103977.
Desmasyari, Shelvi, Hasnah Faizah AR, and Gimin. 2023. “Implementation of the Principal's Policy Regarding Character Education at the As-Syafi'iyah Integrated Islamic Elementary School Pekanbaru.” Jurnal PAJAR (Pendidikan dan Pengajaran) 7 (6): 1300–1313. https://doi.org/10.33578/pjr.v7i6.9667.
Elfira, Rasdiana, Fitrawati, Muh Wahyudi Jasman, Kiki Reski, Amriyadi Anwar, and Enaldi. 2024. “How Does Principal’s Instructional Leadership Shape Teacher Performance Mediated by Teacher Self-Efficacy in Indonesian Education Context?” Frontiers in Education 9: 1401394. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1401394.
Ghamrawi, Norma, Hiba Naccache, and Tarek Shal. 2023. “Teacher Leadership and Teacher Wellbeing: Any Relationship?” International Journal of Educational Research 122: 102261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2023.102261.
Gopal, Bavanee, Kenny Cheah Soon Lee, and Ahmad Zabidi bin Abdul Razak. 2024. “The Influence of Principal Leadership Behaviour on Teacher Self-Efficacy in Primary Schools in Selangor, Malaysia.” Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Sciences 12 (2): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.22452/mojes.vol12no2.4.
Hallinger, Philip, Shengnan Liu, and Lihua Chen. 2025. “Principal Instructional Leadership and Teacher Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review, 1989–2024.” European Journal of Education 60 (4): e70199. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.70199.
Hammad, Waheed. 2024. “Exploring the Link between Principal Instructional Leadership and Differentiated Instruction in an Understudied Context: The Role of Teacher Collaboration and Self-Efficacy.” International Journal of Educational Management 38 (4): 1184–1203. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-09-2023-0441.
Herliana, Herliana, Muhammad Kristiawan, and Dessy Wardiah. 2023. “The Effect of Principal’s Academic Supervision, Teacher’s Professionalism and Work Environment on Teacher’s Performance.” Journal of Social Work and Science Education 4 (2): 480–492. https://doi.org/10.52690/jswse.v4i2.400.
Hidayat, Hidayat, Ai Citra Susanti, Cucu Juwariah, and Dini Astuti. 2025. “Implementation of Educational Supervision in Improving Learning Quality.” International Journal Administration, Business & Organization 6 (2): 242–251. https://doi.org/10.61242/ijabo.25.548.
Hidayat, Mupid, Rama Wijaya Abdul Rozak, Kama Abdul Hakam, Maulia Depriya Kembara, and Muhamad Parhan. 2022. “Character Education in Indonesia: How Is It Internalized and Implemented in Virtual Learning?” Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan 41 (1): 186–198. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v41i1.45920.
Ilham, Ilham, Kaharuddin Kaharuddin, Ferdiansyah Ferdiansyah, and Nasaruddin Nasaruddin. 2024. “Model of Cultivating Students Character Through the Integration of Islamic Education.” Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education 8 (2): 699–710. https://doi.org/10.35723/ajie.v8i2.565.
Kasiyarno, K., & Apriyanto, S. (2025). The Influence of Globalisation on the Shift in Local Language and Cultural Identity. Journal Corner of Education, Linguistics, and Literature, 4(3), 372–383. https://doi.org/10.54012/jcell.v4i3.435
Khoiruddin, M. Arif, and Ahmad Masrukin. 2022. “Character Education Based on the Qadiriyah Naqsyabandiyah Thariqah in Islamic Vocational High School.” Psikis: Jurnal Psikologi Islami 8 (1): 31–39. https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v8i1.10696.
Lestari, Sri, Cipto Handoko, An An Andari, and Iskandar Zulkarnain. 2023. “Leadership of the Head of Madrasah in Carrying Out Academic Supervision to Improve Teacher Performance at MA Hidayatul Mubtadiin.” Edukasi Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 12 (1). https://doi.org/10.30868/ei.v12i01.3154.
Ma, Xiaorong, and Russ Marion. 2024. “How Does Leadership Affect Teacher Collaboration? Evidence from Teachers in US Schools.” School Effectiveness and School Improvement 35 (2): 116–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2024.2330533.
Matiala, Tiara Fathulmila, Made Ayu Anggreni, Cindy Sandra Lumingkewas, Devy Sofyanty, and Bashori. 2023. “The Role of the Principal Leadership in Developing Sustainable Students Character Education.” Mudir: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan 5 (2). https://doi.org/10.55352/mudir.v5i2.600.
Munawir K, Abdul Rahim, Ismawati, and Fadliatun Mutmainna. 2024. “Islamic Religious Education in Student Character Development.” Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education 8 (1): 236–247. https://doi.org/10.35723/ajie.v8i1.475.
Muttaqin, Imron, Nani Tursina, Ajat Sudrajat, Uyung Yuliza, Novianto Novianto, Fajar Fahri Ramadhan, and Muhammad Edi Kurnanto. 2023. “The Effect of Academic Supervision, Managerial Competence, and Teacher Empowerment on Teacher Performance: The Mediating Role of Teacher Commitment.” F1000Research 12: 743. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.128502.2.
Neliwati, Muhammad Isa, Rija Ansari, and Siti Rahma Qomaruddin Lubis. 2022. “Implementation of Character Education in Integrated Islamic Elementary School.” Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 5 (3): 1307–1318. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v5i3.2447.
Ninković, Stefan, and Olivera Knežević Florić. 2024. “School Leadership and Teaching Practice: A Systematic Review of Studies of the Indirect Effects.” Journal of Educational Administration 62 (4): 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-08-2023-0190.
Pariyatin, Yeni. 2022. “The Effect of Online Learning on Strengthening Character Education of Integrated Islamic Elementary School Students.” Jurnal Pendidikan Karakter 13 (1): 98–109. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpka.v13i1.44499.
Raharjo, Firdaus Himawan, and Wiwik Wijayanti. 2025. “MTs Principal Strategies in Strengthening Character Education in Kendal District.” International Journal Ihya’ ’Ulum al-Din 27 (1). https://doi.org/10.21580/ihya.27.1.28410.
Rahayu, W., A. Zukri, A. Maimunah, D. Mayang Sari, R. Jannah, and M. Ikhlas. 2023. “Character Education in Islamic Education: Strengthening and Implementing in the Digital Age.” At-Tarbawi: Jurnal Kajian Kependidikan Islam 8 (2): 125–138. https://doi.org/10.22515/attarbawi.v8i2.7498.
Ridwanulloh, M. S., Bagus, S., Maulana, K., & Apriyanto, S. (2025). A Systematic Literature Review on Trends and Challenges in Language, Literature, and Cultural Education. Journal Corner of Education, Linguistics, and Literature, 5(001), 396–409. https://doi.org/10.54012/jcell.v5i001.605
Ridwanulloh, M. S., Maulana, K., Adawiyah, R. A., & Apriyanto, S. (2025). Religious Moderation from a Multiculturalism Perspective: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal Corner of Education, Linguistics, and Literature, 5(001), 410–421. https://doi.org/10.54012/jcell.v5i001.606
Ventista, Ourania Maria, and Chris Brown. 2023. “Teachers’ Professional Learning and Its Impact on Students’ Learning Outcomes: Findings from a Systematic Review.” Social Sciences & Humanities Open 8 (1): 100565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100565.
Widyaningtyas, P. A., Wirawati, D., Apriyanto, S., Yuliana, R., & Anum, A. . (2025). Longitudinal Study of Student Self-Regulation and Mental Health in Merdeka Digital Learning. Journal Corner of Education, Linguistics, and Literature, 5(2), 240–257. https://doi.org/10.54012/jcell.v5i2.651
Yada, Takumi, and Hannu Savolainen. 2023. “Principal Self-Efficacy and School Climate as Antecedents of Collective Teacher Efficacy.” School Effectiveness and School Improvement 34 (2): 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2023.2170425.
Zulkarnain, Iskandar, Cipto Handoko, An An Andari, and Sri Lestari. 2023. “Contribution to the Role of Madrasah Management in Improving the Quality of Education.” Edukasi Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 12 (1). https://doi.org/10.30868/ei.v12i01.3248
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Pirkun, Afif Anshori, Nur Hidayah, Nurul Hidayati Murtafiah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
