PREDICTORS OF STUDENTS' MORAL (AKHLTHE ROLES OF CHARACTER EDUCATION PROGRAMS, ACTIVE LEARNING, AND PARENTAL INVOLVEMENTTHE ROLES OF CHARACTER EDUCATION PROGRAMS, ACTIVE LEARNING, AND PARENTAL INVOLVEMENTAK) FORMATION IN ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOLS
THE ROLES OF CHARACTER EDUCATION PROGRAMS, ACTIVE LEARNING, AND PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30868/ei.v15i03.10808Keywords:
Program Pendidikan Karakter, Metode Pembelajaran Aktif, Partisipasi Orang Tua, Akhlak SiswaAbstract
This study examines the extent to which Character Education Programs, the Active Learning Method, and Parental Involvement jointly predict students' moral (akhlak) formation in Indonesian Islamic boarding schools (pesantren), a residential context that remains under-examined in quantitative research. Using a cross-sectional explanatory survey, data were collected from 359 santri in six pesantren in West Java who were selected through stratified purposive sampling with proportional allocation and had participated in a character education program for at least one year. The data were analyzed with partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in SEMinR. The measurement model met the criteria for reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity (HTMT < 0.85), and no common method bias was detected (full collinearity VIFs 1.79–1.92). The three predictors explained 47.5% of the variance in moral formation (R² = 0.475). Parental Involvement was the strongest predictor (β = 0.454, t = 9.501, p < .001, f² = 0.263), followed by the Character Education Program (β = 0.240, t = 4.286, p < .001, f² = 0.060). By contrast, the Active Learning Method was not significant under a two-tailed test at α = .05 (β = 0.111, t = 1.957, p = .050, f² = 0.013). The findings suggest that, in a boarding environment, akhlak is shaped more by institutionalized modeling and habituation and by family involvement than by classroom pedagogy alone. Theoretically, the study integrates the Islamic concept of ta'dib with the school and family partnership perspective; practically, pesantren should institutionalize partnerships with parents and link active learning to the habituation of akhlak.
References
Al Wasim, A., Syukur, F., & Wahib, A. (2026). The exemplary of kiai and the future orientation of santri: A socio-cognitive perspective in the pesantren subculture. Tafkir: Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Education, 7(2), 461–475. https://doi.org/10.31538/tijie.v7i2.2586
Amiruddin, Baharuddin, F. R., Takbir, & Setialaksana, W. (2023). May student-centered principles affect active learning and its counterpart? An empirical study of Indonesian curriculum implementation. SAGE Open, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231214375
al-Attas, S. M. N. (1980). The concept of education in Islam: A framework for an Islamic philosophy of education. Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia (ABIM).
Becker, J.-M., Cheah, J.-H., Gholamzade, R., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2023). PLS-SEM's most wanted guidance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(1), 321–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2022-0474
Berkowitz, M. W. (2021). PRIMED for character education: Six design principles for school improvement. Routledge.
Bjärehed, M., Sjögren, B., Thornberg, R., Gini, G., & Pozzoli, T. (2024). A short-term longitudinal study on the development of moral disengagement among schoolchildren: The role of collective moral disengagement, authoritative teaching, and student-teacher relationship quality. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, Article 1381015. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1381015
Brown, M., McGrath, R. E., Bier, M. C., Johnson, K., & Berkowitz, M. W. (2023). A comprehensive meta-analysis of character education programs. Journal of Moral Education, 52(2), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2022.2060196
Epstein, J. L. (2011). School, family, and community partnerships: Preparing educators and improving schools (2nd ed.). Westview Press.
Hair, J. F., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3), Article 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Sage.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Sharma, P. N., & Liengaard, B. D. (2024). Going beyond the untold facts in PLS-SEM and moving forward. European Journal of Marketing, 58(13), 81–106. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-08-2023-0645
Halstead, J. M. (2007). Islamic values: A distinctive framework for moral education? Journal of Moral Education, 36(3), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240701643056
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Homsiyah, Ramdhan, T. W., & Baitaputra, M. H. (2026). The hidden curriculum in Islamic boarding schools and its implications for the formation of santri character: A systematic literature review. Journal of Indonesian Islamic Studies, 5(2), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.24256/jiis.v5i2.10089
Ismail, T., Zamroni, M. A., & Zakariyah. (2025). The determination of teacher role modeling, habituation, school environment, and worship facilities in shaping students' religious spirit. Ta'dibuna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 14(6), 700–719. https://doi.org/10.32832/tadibuna.v14i6.21610
Jeynes, W. H. (2024). A meta-analysis: The association between relational parental involvement and student and parent outcome variables. Education and Urban Society, 56(5), 564–600. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131245231179674
Kim, J., Sijtsema, J. J., Thornberg, R., Caravita, S. C. S., & Hong, J. S. (2024). Shaping citizenship in the classroom: Peer influences on moral disengagement, social goals, and a sense of peer community. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 53(3), 732–743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01916-1
Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
Kock, N., & Hadaya, P. (2018). Minimum sample size estimation in PLS-SEM: The inverse square root and gamma-exponential methods. Information Systems Journal, 28(1), 227–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12131
Kozanitis, A., & Nenciovici, L. (2023). Effect of active learning versus traditional lecturing on the learning achievement of college students in humanities and social sciences: A meta-analysis. Higher Education, 86(6), 1377–1394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00977-8
Leng, L. L., & Dayimu, N. (2025). Longitudinal effects of school boarding on adolescent depression: Examining the mediating role of parent-child closeness and school connectedness. BMC Psychology, 13, Article 1281. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03620-0
Ma'arif, M. A., & Arif, M. (2026). Sustaining character education in pesantren: A holistic and culturally embedded learning ecosystem. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 45(2). https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v45i2.94968
Martinez-Yarza, N., Solabarrieta, J., & Santibáñez Grüber, R. M. (2024). The impact of family involvement on students' social-emotional development: The mediational role of school engagement. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 39(4), 4297–4327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-024-00862-1
Munir, & Mohd Nor, M. R. (2021). Characteristics of preserving salafiyah Islamic boarding school traditions: Lessons from Indonesia and Malaysia. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 10(1), 67–88. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2021.101.67-88
Oldham, P. D., & McLoughlin, S. (2026). Character education empirical research: A thematic review and comparative content analysis. Journal of Moral Education, 55(2), 313–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2025.2480185
Podsakoff, P. M., Podsakoff, N. P., Williams, L. J., Huang, C., & Yang, J. (2024). Common method bias: It's bad, it's complex, it's widespread, and it's not easy to fix. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 11, 17–61. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-040030
Republic of Indonesia. (2019). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2019 tentang Pesantren [Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 18 of 2019 on Pesantren].
Rohmah, L., Purwanta, E., & Sugito. (2026). Cultivating early-age independence in Indonesian Islamic boarding schools: A case study from Pesantren Mambaul Hisan. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 14(2), 821–844. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v14i2.1460
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Pick, M., Liengaard, B. D., Radomir, L., & Ringle, C. M. (2022). Progress in partial least squares structural equation modeling use in marketing research in the last decade. Psychology & Marketing, 39(5), 1035–1064. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21640
Shen, M., DeLay, D., Purwono, U., & French, D. C. (2023). Peer relationships and Indonesian Muslim adolescents' religiosity and religious coping: Selection and influence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 33(1), 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12787
Suresman, E., Faqihuddin, A., Jenuri, & Abdullah, M. (2025). From sorogan to digital learning: A systematic literature network analysis of pesantren learning models. Cogent Education, 12(1), Article 2580776. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2580776
Thahir, M., Widiawati, W., Alfaiz, A., Putri, A. A., Apriliyanti, P., Sunaengsih, C., & Abdullah, Z. (2026). The impact of character education value internalization on students' life skills: The moderating role of parental involvement. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 9(10), Article e2026448. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2026448
Tian, X., & Tang, Y. (2025). From awareness to behavior: The empirical effects of real problem-oriented learning in civic and moral education. SAGE Open, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251338948
Usiono, Sayekti, R., Arsyad, J., Yusnaldi, E., & Budiman. (2026). Toward a pedagogical model: Insights from student perspectives in learning Islamic education philosophy. Cogent Education, 13(1), Article 2645287. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2026.2645287
Wong, T. K. Y., Konishi, C., & Kong, X. (2021). Parenting and prosocial behaviors: A meta-analysis. Social Development, 30(2), 343–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12481
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Arizqi Ihsan Pratama, Anas Fauzi, Suhada, Mukhtar Zaini Dahlan, Bahrul Munib
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
